Nazarin Kwatancin Hanyoyin Kera Abubuwa ta Ƙari don Maganadisu NdFeB Masu Kama da Juna

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1.1 Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da wani bincike na farko na kwatancin kera abubuwa ta ƙari (AM) na maganadisu NdFeB masu kama da juna ta amfani da fasahohi guda uku daban-daban: Stereolithography (SLA), Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), da Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Binciken ya nuna aikace-aikace na farko da aka yi nasara na fasahar photopolymerization ta vat (SLA) don buga kayan maganadisu masu ƙarfi ta 3D. Babban manufa ita ce tantance da kwatanta iyawar waɗannan hanyoyin AM wajen sarrafa irin wannan foda na maganadisu, tare da mai da hankali kan kaddarorin maganadisu da za a iya samu, 'yancin siffa, ingancin saman, da dacewa ga aikace-aikace masu aiki kamar gano maganadisu.

2. Hanyoyin Kera Abubuwa ta Ƙari

Dukkan hanyoyin guda uku suna amfani da irin wannan foda na NdFeB mai kama da juna a matsayin lokacin maganadisu, suna bambanta ta asali a cikin tsarin ɗaure ko haɗawa.

2.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)

FFF tana amfani da filament na thermoplastic mai ɗauke da foda na maganadisu. Ana dumama filament, fitar da shi ta cikin bututu, a ajiye shi a jere. Yana samar da maganadisu masu haɗe da polymer, inda matrix na filastik (mai ɗaure) ke rage yawan ƙarar maganadisu, wanda ke iyakance mafi girman samfurin makamashi $(BH)_{max}$ ta asali. Fa'idodi sun haɗa da samun dama mai yawa da ƙarancin farashin na'ura.

2.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

SLS tsari ne na haɗa foda inda laser ke zaɓe ya haɗa (haɗa) ɓangarorin foda na NdFeB ba tare da wani mai ɗaure na daban ba. Yana nufin riƙe tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin foda na asali. Ana iya amfani da mataki na shigar da iyakar ƙwaya bayan sarrafawa don ƙara ƙarfin maganadisu sosai. Wannan hanyar tana neman matsakaici tsakanin cikakken yawa da kiyaye tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyi.

2.3 Stereolithography (SLA)

Babban gudunmawar wannan binciken ita ce daidaita SLA don maganadisu masu ƙarfi. Ana haɗa resin mai karɓar haske tare da foda na NdFeB don samar da laka. Laser na UV yana zaɓe ya warkar da resin, yana ɗaure ɓangarorin foda a cikin kowane jere. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar ƙirƙirar sifofi masu sarƙaƙiya tare da kyakkyawan ƙarewar saman da ƙayyadaddun siffa mai kyau, waɗanda ke da wahala ga FFF da SLS.

3. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bincike

3.1 Kwatancin Kaddarorin Maganadisu

An kwatanta aikin maganadisu ta hanyar auna ragowar maganadisu (Br) da ƙarfin maganadisu (Hcj).

• SLA: Ya sami mafi girman ragowar maganadisu da aka ruwaito na 388 mT da ƙarfin maganadisu na 0.923 T a cikin hanyoyin da aka ɗaure da polymer a cikin wannan binciken.
• FFF: Yana samar da maganadisu masu aiki amma tare da ƙananan Br da Hcj saboda yawan polymer da yuwuwar ramuka daga tsarin fitarwa.
• SLS: Kaddarorin maganadisu sun dogara sosai akan sigogin laser. Haɗawa na iya inganta yawa amma yana iya canza tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyi, yana shafar ƙarfin maganadisu. Shigar bayan sarrafawa shine mabuɗin haɓaka Hcj.

Sakamakon ya jaddada wani muhimmin ciniki: SLA yana ba da mafi kyawun haɗin siffa da kaddarori don hanyoyin da aka ɗaure da polymer, yayin da SLS ke ba da hanya zuwa ga mafi girman yawa.

3.2 Tsarin Ƙananan Ƙwayoyi & Ingancin Saman

Maganadisu da aka samar da SLA sun nuna ingancin saman mafi girma da ikon gane ƙananan siffa, fa'ida kai tsaye ta ƙaramin girman tabo na laser da tsarin warkarwa a jere. Wannan ana wakilta shi a zahiri a cikin hotunan takarda da ke kwatanta yanayin saman samfuran daga kowace fasaha. Sassa na FFF yawanci suna nuna layukan jere, kuma sassa na SLS suna da siffa ta musamman mai ƙura, saman mai ramuka daga foda da aka haɗa a wani ɓangare.

3.3 Misalin Aikace-aikace: Na'urar Gano Gudun Ƙafa

Binciken ya ƙirƙira kuma ya buga wani tsari mai sarƙaƙiya na maganadisu don aikace-aikacen gano gudun ƙafa ta amfani da dukkan hanyoyin guda uku. Wannan nunin aiki ya nuna fa'idar SLA wajen samar da sassa tare da madaidaicin, ƙirar ƙirar sandunan maganadisu da ake buƙata don daidaitaccen gano, waɗanda ke da wahala a cim ma ta hanyar gyare-gyare ko sarrafa kayan aiki.

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Aikin maganadisu na dindindin yana ƙarƙashin mulkinsa ta hanyar madauki na hysteresis da mafi girman samfurin makamashi, babban ma'auni na cancanta da aka lissafta daga kwata na biyu na lanƙwan B-H:

$(BH)_{max} = max(-B \cdot H)$

Ga maganadisu da aka ɗaure da polymer (FFF, SLA), $(BH)_{max}$ yana raguwa daidai da yawan ɓangaren mai ɗaure mara maganadisu $v_b$: $B_r \approx v_m \cdot B_{r, powder} \cdot (1 - \text{porosity})$, inda $v_m$ shine yawan ƙarar maganadisu. Samun babban $v_m$ a cikin laka na SLA ko filament na FFF ƙalubale ne na kayan aiki.

Ga SLS, yawa $\rho$ dangane da yawan ka'idar yana taka babbar rawa: $B_r \propto \rho$. Tsarin haɗa laser dole ne ya daidaita makamashin shigarwa $E$ (aiki na ƙarfin laser $P$, saurin bincike $v$, da tazarar ƙyanƙyashe $h$) don cim ma haɗawa ba tare da lalacewar lokacin maganadisu mai yawa ba: $E = P / (v \cdot h)$.

5. Tsarin Bincike & Nazarin Misali

Tsarin Zaɓin Hanyar AM don Abubuwan Maganadisu:

1. Ayyana Bukatu: Ƙididdige Br, Hcj, $(BH)_{max}$, da ake buƙata, sarƙaƙiyar siffa (matsakaicin girman siffa, abubuwan da ba a iya gani ba), ƙazantaccen saman (Ra), da yawan samarwa.
2. Tace Tsari:
   • Bukatar Kaddara ta Ƙarshe: Don kusan yawan ka'idar, tura makamashi da aka jagoranta (DED) ko binder jetting tare da haɗawa masu fafatawa ne na gaba, ba su balaga ba tukuna.
   • Sarƙaƙiya + Kaddarori Masu Kyau: Zaɓi SLA don samfura da sassa masu sarƙaƙiya, ƙananan yawan na'urar gano.
   • Matsakaicin Sarƙaƙiya + Ƙarancin Farashi: Zaɓi FFF don samfurin aiki da samfuran tabbatar da ra'ayi inda kaddarori suka kasance na biyu.
   • Siffofi Masu Sauƙi + Yuwuwar Yawa Mafi Girma: Bincika SLS tare da sarrafawa bayan aiki, amma a shirya don Bincike & Ci gaba cikin inganta sigogi.
3. Nazarin Misali - Ƙananan Gear na Maganadisu:
   • Bukata: Gear mai diamita 5mm tare da tazarar haƙori 0.2mm, Br > 300 mT.
   • FFF: Mai yuwuwar ya gaza saboda toshewar bututu da ƙarancin ƙuduri don siffa 0.2mm.
   • SLS: Yana da ƙalubale don cim ma cikakkun bayanai da santsin saman akan haƙora; cire foda daga ramuka yana da wahala.
   • SLA: Zaɓi mafi kyau. Zai iya cim ma ƙuduri, kuma tsarin da ya dogara da laka yana ba da damar siffa masu sarƙaƙiya. Br da aka ruwaito na binciken na 388 mT ya cika buƙatar.

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

• Maganadisu Masu Daraja & Kayan Aiki Da Yawa: SLA da AM na tushen inkjet na iya ba da damar maganadisu tare da canjin yanayin maganadisu ko abun da ke ciki a sarari, masu amfani ga injuna masu ci gaba da da'irar maganadisu. Bincike a cikin photopolymerization na vat mai yawan kayan aiki, kamar ci gaban da aka samu a cikin buga kwayoyin halitta mai yawan kayan aiki, yana da dacewa a nan.
• Na'urorin Haɗaɗɗen Maganadisu-Lantarki: Saka maganadisu da aka buga ta 3D a cikin na'urori masu gano abubuwa ko masu motsa jiki yayin bugawa, ƙirƙirar na'urori masu aiki guda ɗaya.
• Maganadisu Masu Zafi Mai Girma: Haɓaka resins na photopolymer ko ƙa'idodin haɗawa don Sm-Co ko maganadisu na tushen Ce don aikace-aikacen mota da sararin samaniya.
• Koyon Injina don Inganta Tsari: Yin amfani da samfuran AI don hasashen mafi kyawun sigogin laser (don SLS) ko sigogin warkarwa (don SLA) don haɓaka yawa da kaddarorin maganadisu yayin rage lahani, kamar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen inganta hanyoyin AM na ƙarfe da aka rubuta a cikin bayanan kamar NASA's AMS.
• Ƙananan Robobin Maganadisu: Yin amfani da babban ƙuduri na SLA don buga abubuwan maganadisu ta 3D don ƙananan robobin likitanci, fagen da ke girma cikin sauri kamar yadda aka gani a cikin bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar ETH Zurich's Multi-Scale Robotics Lab.

7. Nassoshi

1. Huber, C., et al. "Additive manufactured isotropic NdFeB magnets by stereolithography, fused filament fabrication, and selective laser sintering." arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.02881 (2019).
2. Li, L., et al. "Big Area Additive Manufacturing of high performance bonded NdFeB magnets." Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 36212.
3. Jacimovic, J., et al. "Net shape 3D printed NdFeB permanent magnet." Advanced Engineering Materials 19.8 (2017): 1700098.
4. Goll, D., et al. "Additive manufacturing of soft and hard magnetic materials." Procedia CIRP 94 (2020): 248-253.
5. NASA Materials and Processes Technical Information System (MAPTIS) - Additive Manufacturing Standards.
6. Zhu, J., et al. "Unpaired Image-to-Image Translation using Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks." Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2017. (Nassoshi na CycleGAN don ra'ayoyin canja wurin salo masu dacewa da hasashen tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyi).

8. Bincike na Asali & Sharhin Kwararru

Fahimta ta Asali: Wannan takarda ba kwatancin tsari kawai ba ce; taswira ce ta dabaru da ke bayyana cewa makomar AM mai aiki na maganadisu ba ta cikin maye gurbin haɗawa ba, amma a cikin mamaye sararin ƙira inda sarƙaƙiya da matsakaicin aiki suka haɗu. Nasarar farko ta SLA a nan ita ce nasara mai ban mamaki, tana tabbatar da cewa babban ƙuduri na photopolymerization na vat na iya buɗe sifofin maganadisu da a baya aka keɓe ga siminti. Babban kanun labarai shine cewa 'yancin ƙira yanzu shine babban mai tayar da hankali don ƙirar abubuwan maganadisu, ba kawai ƙarin ribar kaddarori ba.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Marubutan sun tsara labarin cikin hazaka a kusa da ci gaba da tsarin ɗaure: daga cikakken matrix na polymer (FFF) zuwa haɗawa a wani ɓangare (SLS) zuwa mai ɗaure na photopolymer (SLA). Wannan tsarin yana sa ciniki ya zama mai zurfi. FFF ita ce ma'aikaciya mai samun dama, SLS mai ban sha'awa amma mai fafutuka don mafi girman yawa, kuma SLA ta fito a matsayin mai fasaha mai daidaito. Babban haɓakar ma'ana shine nunin na'urar gano gudun ƙafa—yana canzawa daga ma'auni na dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa sakamako mai ma'ana, mai dacewa da kasuwanci, yana tabbatar da cewa waɗannan ba kawai abubuwan ban sha'awa na kimiyya ba ne amma hanyoyin masana'antu masu yuwuwa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfin binciken shine cikakken kwatancinsa, kwatancin apples-to-apples ta amfani da irin wannan foda—wani abu da ba a saba gani ba wanda ke ba da haske na gaske. Gabatar da SLA zuwa kayan aikin AM na maganadisu gudummawa ce ta gaske. Duk da haka, binciken yana da makafi. Ya yi watsi da giwa a cikin daki: mummunan $(BH)_{max}$ na dukkan hanyoyin da aka ɗaure da polymer idan aka kwatanta da maganadisu da aka haɗa. Ginshiƙi mai kwatanta su 30-40 kJ/m³ zuwa na NdFeB da aka haɗa na 400+ kJ/m³ zai zama sake duban gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Bugu da ƙari, kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci na polymers da aka warkar da UV a ƙarƙashin zagayowar yanayin zafi da filin maganadisu—wani muhimmin abin damuwa don aikace-aikace na gaske—ba a magance shi ba. Tsarin SLS kuma yana da alama ba a bincika shi sosai; inganta sigogi don kayan maganadisu ba maras muhimmanci bane, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen akan SLM don ƙarfe, kuma ya cancanci zurfafa bincike fiye da yadda aka gabatar.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga manajoji na Bincike & Ci gaba, saƙon a bayyane yake: saka hannun jari a cikin SLA don samfurin sassa masu sarƙaƙiya na na'urar gano abubuwa da masu motsa jiki yanzu. Fasahar ta balaga isa. Ga masana kimiyyar kayan aiki, ci gaba na gaba yana cikin haɓaka resins masu zafi mai yawa, masu jure wa radiation don faɗaɗa ambul ɗin aiki na SLA. Ga injiniyoyin tsari, 'ya'yan itace masu ƙanƙanta suna cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa: amfani da SLA ko FFF don ƙirƙirar wani ɓangare na "kore" wanda ya biyo baya da cire ɗaure da haɗawa, kamar binder jetting na ƙarfe. Wannan zai iya haɗa tazarar kaddarori. A ƙarshe, wannan aikin ya kamata ya haifar da ƙoƙarin siminti. Kamar yadda software na ƙira mai haifarwa ya kawo juyin juya hali ga tsarin haske, yanzu muna buƙatar kayan aikin inganta topology waɗanda ke haɗa ƙira da siffar sashi da hanyar maganadisu na ciki, suna fitar da samfuri da aka shirya don SLA. Tsarin kayan aiki, ba kawai bugu ba ne, wanda a ƙarshe zai ba da damar ƙirar maganadisu ga kowa.