Hatching don Bugun 3D: Halftoning na Tushen Layi don FDM na Bugun Biyu

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda tana magance wata gagarumin gibi a cikin bugun 3D na Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): ikon samar da abubuwa masu kamannin ci gaba na launin toka ko hotuna masu launi. Yayin da tsarin ƙara ƙirƙira na tushen tawada ke ba da launi, dabarun FDM sun kasance masu iyaka, sau da yawa suna sadaukar da ingancin saman, cikakkiyar siffa, ko kuma suna haifar da dogon lokacin bugawa. Aikin ya gabatar da sabuwar fasahar halftoning na tushen layi, wacce ake kira "hatching," wanda aka tsara musamman don injunan bugawa na FDM masu bugun biyu. Wannan hanyar tana daidaita faɗin layin da ake gani daga kayan aiki masu launi daban-daban guda biyu don haifar da hasashen sauye-sauyen launin toka, ba tare da yin illa ga ainihin tsarin bugawa ko kaddarorin tsarin abu na ƙarshe ba.

2. Hanyar Aiki

Fasahar da aka gabatar tana daidaita ra'ayin bugawa na 2D na hatching—ta amfani da layukan da ke da tazara ko kauri daban-daban don kwaikwayi sauti—zuwa ga mahallin 3D na FDM na kowane Layer.

2.1. Ka'idar Hatching

Maimakon amfani da ɗigo-ɗigo (kamar yadda ake yi a halftoning na gargajiya), wannan hanyar tana amfani da hanyoyin fitarwa masu ci gaba da ke cikin FDM. Ta hanyar musanya tsakanin kayan aiki guda biyu (misali, baki da fari) a cikin Layer ɗaya kuma sarrafa faɗin su dangane da juna, ana samun sautin launin toka na gida da ake gani. Wani sabon abu mai mahimmanci shine daidaita waɗannan layukan hatching su zama a kusa da madaidaicin hangen mai kallo, don inganta tasirin akan saman da suka lankwasa da masu gangare.

2.2. Aiwatarwa don FDM

An haɗa algorithm ɗin cikin tsarin yankewa. Ga kowane Layer, ana bincika siffar saman. Ana sanya bayanan hoto masu launin toka akan saman. Daga nan sai a samar da hanyar kayan aiki don haɗa filaments daga bututu biyu, tare da daidaita faɗin fitarwa don kowane launi bisa ga ƙimar launin toka da ake nufi a wannan wurin. An aiwatar da shi a cikin buɗaɗɗen tushe a cikin Ultimaker CuraEngine.

3. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Tushen fasahar shine sanyawa daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfin launin toka $I$ (inda $0 \leq I \leq 1$, tare da 0 yana nufin baki kuma 1 yana nufin fari) zuwa faɗin jiki na layukan fitarwa guda biyu. Ga wani layin hatching da aka ba da, idan $w_{total}$ shine jimlar faɗin da aka ware don zagayawa ɗaya na kayan aiki biyu, faɗin kayan "gaba" (misali, baki) $w_f$ da kayan "baya" (misali, fari) $w_b$ za a iya bayyana su kamar haka:

$w_f = I \cdot w_{total}$

$w_b = (1 - I) \cdot w_{total}$

Sautin da ake gani $T$ aiki ne na waɗannan faɗin da kusurwar kallo $\theta$, yana kiyasin yankin da ake gani na kowane launi: $T \approx f(w_f, w_b, \theta)$. Algorithm ɗin yana nufin warware hanyar kayan aiki wacce ta cimma maƙasudin $T$ a ko'ina cikin saman.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bincike

An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje akan injin bugawa na FDM mai bututu biyu ta amfani da filaments na PLA baki da fari.

4.1. Gwajin Bugawa & Kima ta Gani

Takardar ta nuna bugu da yawa na nunawa (wanda aka ambata a cikin Hoto na 1 na PDF): hoton fuska na 3D, ƙwararren mutum-mutumi, gwangwani na soda mai rubutu, da sandar haɗawa tare da nunin bincike na damuwa. Sakamakon ya nuna bayyanannen fahimtar sauye-sauyen launin toka akan saman a tsaye da masu gangare. An adana cikakkun bayanai masu yawan mita daga hotunan tushen fiye da yadda ake yi a cikin tsofaffin dabarun daidaita siffa na ƙananan mita.

4.2. Ma'aunin Aiki

5. Tsarin Bincike: Fahimtar Tushe & Zargi

Fahimtar Tushe: Kuipers et al. sun aiwatar da wani kyakkyawan motsi na gefe. Sun daina ƙoƙarin tilasta halftoning na tushen ɗigo akan tsarin ƙirƙira na tushen layi (matsalar da ke addabar binciken launi na FDM) kuma a maimakon haka sun karɓi layin a matsayin pixel na asali. Babban fahimtar ba sabon algorithm ba ne, amma sake tsarawa: hanyar fitarwa ita ce kayan nuni na asali. Wannan ya yi daidai da falsafar da ake gani a cikin haɓaka hoto mai zurfi, inda wakilcin ke bayyana sararin yiwuwar (misali, Filayen Haske na Jijiya (NeRF) ta amfani da fage masu ci gaba maimakon pixels masu rarrabuwa).

Kwararar Ma'ana: Ma'anar tana da tsabta mai ban sha'awa: 1) Gano ƙayyadaddun FDM (hanyoyin ci gaba), 2) Nemo daidaitaccen tsarin halftoning (hatching), 3) Sanya launin toka zuwa daidaitawar faɗin layi, 4) Daidaita layukan don mafi kyawun kallo. Yana ƙetare mafarkin lissafi na kwaikwayon ɗigo, yana mai da hankali kan sigar sarrafawa (mai ninka fitarwa) wanda ya riga ya kasance a cikin mai yankewa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfinsa shine kyakkyawan aikinsa na zahiri—ƙaramin rushewar tsari, aiwatar da buɗaɗɗen tushe. Babban aibinsa shine sabon halittarsa: magani ne na launi ɗaya (launin toka) a cikin duniyar da ke tunani a cikin RGB. Takardar ta yarda da rashin daidaitawar fahimta; launin toka na 50% bazai yi kama da launin toka 50% ba saboda sheki na kayan aiki da watsa haske. Bugu da ƙari, ya gaji duk ƙalubalen daidaitawa da zubewa na bugun biyu, wanda zai iya ɓata gefuna masu kaifi na layi masu mahimmanci ga tasirin.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu bincike, mataki na gaba kai tsaye shine daidaitawar fahimta ta amfani da hanyar aiki mai kama da sarrafa launi a cikin bugawa na 2D (bayanin martaba na ICC). Ga masana'antu, wannan fasaha ta shirya don haɗawa cikin masu yankewa don bugun launin toka mai aiki (misali, taswirar damuwa, lambobin zurfi). Ainihin dabarar dabarar ita ce kallon wannan ba a matsayin ƙarshe ba, amma a matsayin Layer na tushe. Tsawaita ma'ana shine tsarin hatching na CMYK, ta amfani da ƙa'idar daidaita faɗin layi ɗaya don kowane tashar launi. Ƙalubalen ba zai zama algorithm ba, amma kimiyyar kayan aiki: haɓaka filaments tare da ingantaccen duhu da launi don siraran fitarwa masu haɗuwa.

6. Aikace-aikacen Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

• Faɗaɗa Cikakken Launi: Mafi kai tsaye hanya ita ce tsawaita ƙirar zuwa launi uku ko huɗu (CMYK). Wannan zai haɗa da warware layukan hatching masu haɗuwa na launuka daban-daban, babban ƙalubale na lissafi da kayan aiki.
• Daidaitawar Fahimta & Siffa: Aikin gaba dole ne ya kafa ingantaccen ƙirar launi don filaments biyu a ƙarƙashin yanayin haske daban-daban. Bincike kuma zai iya bincika daidaita tsayin layi ko siffa tare da faɗi don haɓaka kewayon sauti.
• Bayyanar Kyau - Sautuna Masu Aiki: Ana iya amfani da ƙa'idar don ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu kaddarorin kayan aiki masu daraja. Misali, daidaita rabon filament mai sassauƙa zuwa na tauri tare da hanyar kayan aiki zai iya haifar da sassa masu canzawa a sarari, masu amfani a cikin na'urorin robot masu laushi ko riko na ergonomic.
• Haɗawa da Bayanan Ƙididdiga: Bugawa kai tsaye na bayanan binciken likita (CT, MRI) a matsayin ƙirar zahiri, wakilcin sauti don tsarin tiyata, ta amfani da launin toka don wakiltar yawa ko nau'in nama.

7. Nassoshi

1. Kuipers, T., Elkhuizen, W., Verlinden, J., & Doubrovski, E. (2018). Hatching for 3D prints: line-based halftoning for dual extrusion fused deposition modeling. Computers & Graphics.
2. Ultimaker. (2018). CuraEngine. GitHub repository. https://github.com/Ultimaker/CuraEngine
3. Reiner, T., et al. (2014). [Nassoshi ga aikin da ya gabata akan siffofi na launi na FDM].
4. Mildenhall, B., et al. (2020). NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis. ECCV. (Nassoshi na ra'ayi don wakilcin bayyana sararin yiwuwa).
5. International Color Consortium (ICC). (n.d.). Specification ICC.1:2022. https://www.color.org (Nassoshi don tsarin sarrafa launi).