Tasirin Ƙarfin Laser da Gudun Bincike akan Ƙarfin Ƙarfe na Ti6Al4V a cikin Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfe ta Laser

Tsarin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan rahoto yana binciken tasirin mahimman abubuwa biyu na tsarin Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfe ta Laser (LMD)—ƙarfin laser da gudun bincike—akan ƙarfin ƙarfe na Ti6Al4V, babban gawa na titanium na jirgin sama. LMD, fasahar Ƙirƙirar Ƙari (AM), tana ba da damar ƙirƙira ko gyara sassa masu sarkakiya ta hanyar yin amfani da matakai, tana ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci fiye da hanyoyin daɗaɗɗa na gargajiya don kayan da ba a iya sarrafa su kamar gawar titanium. Binciken ya yi amfani da tsarin cikakken tsarin Gwaji (DOE) don bincika alaƙar sigogi da kaddarorin ta hanyar ƙididdiga, da nufin ba da fahimta mai amfani don inganta tsarin.

2. Hanyoyin Bincike & Tsarin Gwaji

An tsara hanyar gwaji don ware da ƙididdige tasirin ƙarfin laser da gudun bincike akan kaddarorin kayan da aka saka.

2.1 Kayan Aiki da Kayayyaki

An saka ƙurar Ti6Al4V akan tushen Ti6Al4V ta amfani da tsarin LMD. Muhimman abubuwan da aka tsara sun haɗa da ƙimar kwararar ƙura na 2 g/min da ƙimar kwararar iskar gas na 2 l/min don tabbatar da isar da kayan da kariya.

2.2 Tsarin Gwaji (DOE)

An aiwatar da cikakken tsarin DOE ta amfani da software Design Expert 9. Masu canji masu zaman kansu da kewayon su sune:

• Ƙarfin Laser: 1.8 kW zuwa 3.0 kW
• Gudun Bincike: 0.05 m/s zuwa 0.1 m/s

Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar bincika tasirin manyan abubuwa da tasirin haɗin kai tsakanin sigogi biyu.

2.3 Ka'idar Gwajin Ƙarfin Ƙarfe

An sami bayanan ƙarfin ƙarfe na waƙoƙin da aka saka ta amfani da na'urar gwajin ƙarfin ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan daidaitattun:

• Lodi: 500 g
• Lokacin Zama: 15 dakika
• Nisa Tsakanin Matsaloli: 15 µm

Wannan ka'idar ta tabbatar da babban tsarin taswira na bambance-bambancen ƙarfi a ko'ina cikin ajiya.

3. Sakamako & Bincike

Binciken DOE ya bayyana bayyanannun alamu masu mahimmanci a yadda sigogin tsarin ke tasiri ƙarfin ƙarfe.

3.1 Tasirin Ƙarfin Laser

Binciken ya gano alaƙar sabanin juna tsakanin ƙarfin laser da ƙarfin ƙarfe. Yayin da ƙarfin laser ya ƙaru daga 1.8 kW zuwa 3.0 kW, matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfe na Ti6Al4V da aka saka ya ragu. Ana danganta wannan da ƙarin ƙarfin makamashi wanda ke haifar da babban tafkin narkakkar, ƙananan ƙimar sanyaya, da yuwuwar manyan sifofi na tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (kamar girman hatsin beta na farko ko faɗin tazarar alpha-lath), waɗanda galibi suna rage ƙarfi.

3.2 Tasirin Gudun Bincike

A akasin haka, an lura da alaƙar kai tsaye tsakanin gudun bincike da ƙarfin ƙarfe. Ƙara gudun bincike daga 0.05 m/s zuwa 0.1 m/s ya haifar da ƙarin ƙarfin ƙarfe. Manyan gudun bincike suna rage ƙarfin makamashi na layi ($E_l = P / v$, inda $P$ shine ƙarfi kuma $v$ shine gudun), wanda ke haifar da ƙaramin tafkin narkakkar, saurin sanyaya, da ƙananan tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta wanda ke haɓaka ƙarfi.

3.3 Tasirin Haɗin Kai

Cikakken tsarin ƙirƙira ya ba da damar kimanta tasirin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙarfi da gudun. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin canza sigogi ɗaya (misali, ƙara ƙarfi don rage ƙarfi) ana iya daidaita shi ta matakin ɗayan sigogi (misali, babban gudun bincike na lokaci guda zai iya rage wasu asarar ƙarfi).

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban alaƙar da ke tafiyar da shigar da zafi a cikin LMD shine yawan makamashi na layi, wanda galibi ake bayyana shi kamar haka:

$$E_l = \frac{P}{v}$$

Inda $E_l$ shine yawan makamashi na layi (J/m), $P$ shine ƙarfin laser (W), kuma $v$ shine gudun bincike (m/s).

Yayin da wannan binciken ya danganta ƙarfi da gudun kai tsaye zuwa ƙarfi, ana iya haɓaka ƙarin cikakken tsari don hasashen ƙarfin ƙarfe ($H_v$) ta hanyar binciken koma baya daga bayanan DOE, wanda zai iya ɗaukar siffar:

$$H_v = \beta_0 + \beta_1 P + \beta_2 v + \beta_{12} P v + \epsilon$$

Inda ƙididdiga na $\beta$ ke wakiltar manyan tasirin da tasirin haɗin kai da software ta ƙididdige su, kuma $\epsilon$ shine kalmar kuskure. Wannan ya yi daidai da tsarin tsari da aka gani a wasu binciken inganta tsarin AM, kamar waɗanda aka yi don narkar da laser zaɓaɓɓu.

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Tattaunawa

Binciken ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙirar ƙarfe na asali. Ƙarin shigar da makamashi (babban ƙarfi, ƙananan gudun) yana haɓaka girma hatsi kuma yana rage ƙarfi, yayin da ƙananan shigar da makamashi (ƙananan ƙarfi, babban gudun) yana fifita ƙananan tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, mai ƙarfi. Wannan ciniki yana da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen jirgin sama: sassa na iya buƙatar babban ƙarfi don juriya ga lalacewa a wasu wurare, amma ƙananan ƙarfi/ƙarin ƙarfi a wasu. LMD, tare da ingantaccen sarrafa sigogi, ya dace da ƙirƙira irin waɗannan kayan da aka ƙayyade aiki. Amfani da DOE yana ɗaga aikin daga saƙon saƙo zuwa taswirar tsari-kaddarorin da aka tabbatar da ƙididdiga.

6. Ra'ayin Mai Bincike: Cikakkiyar Fahimta, Tsarin Hankali, Ƙarfuka & Kurakurai, Fahimta Mai Amfani

Cikakkiyar Fahimta: Wannan takarda ta yi nasarar bayyana wani mahimmin al'amari na AM na ƙarfe amma sau da yawa ba a bayyana shi ba: tana ƙididdige alaƙar sabanin juna tsakanin shigar da zafi da ƙarfin ƙarfe na Ti6Al4V a cikin LMD. Ƙimar gaske ba kawai a cikin faɗin cewa "rage ƙarfi, ƙara gudun" yana ƙara ƙarfi ba, amma a cikin samar da bayanan gwaji da tsarin ƙididdiga wanda ke juyar da ƙa'idar yatsa zuwa jagorar tsari mai kariya. Wannan shine irin aikin da ake amfani da shi a benen shago, ba kawai a ambaci su a wasu takardu ba.

Tsarin Hankali: Hankalin marubutan yana da tsafta kuma masana'antu. Sun fara da sanannen matsala (sarrafa Ti yana da wahala), suna ba da shawarar mafita (AM/LMD), suna gano mahimman kullin tsari (ƙarfi, gudun), kuma sukan juya su don auna mahimman kaddarori (ƙarfi). Amfani da DOE shine maɓalli, yana canza jerin gwaje-gwaje zuwa tsarin hasashe. Gudun daga hasashe (sigogi suna tasiri tsarin/kaddarorin) zuwa hanya (DOE) zuwa sakamako (bayyanannun alamu) zuwa ma'ana (sarrafa tsari) shine ingantaccen binciken injiniya na littafi.

Ƙarfuka & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine bayyanawa da amfani nan take. Gwajin da aka sarrafa tare da kafaffen ƙura/iskan gas yana ware masu canjin sha'awa da kyau. Duk da haka, kuskuren yana cikin iyaka—ƙaramin yanki ne. Binciken ya mayar da hankali ne kawai akan ƙarfin ƙarfe, ma'auni guda ɗaya. A duniyar gaske, injiniyoyi suna daidaita ƙarfi tare da ƙarfin juzu'i, juriya ga gajiya, ductility, da matsin lamba. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) akan cancantar AM, inganta don kaddara ɗaya sau da yawa yana yin sulhu da wani. Takardar kuma ba ta shiga cikin shaidar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (misali, hotunan SEM na girman hatsi) don tabbatar da hanyar, maimakon haka ta dogara da ka'idar da aka kafa.

Fahimta Mai Amfani: Ga injiniyoyin tsari, abin da za a ɗauka shi ne kai tsaye: yi amfani da tagogin sigogi na wannan binciken a matsayin farkon fara haɓaka "bugun ƙarfi." Idan wani yanki na wani yanki yana buƙatar ƙarin juriya ga lalacewa, karkata sigogi zuwa ƙananan ƙarfi da babban gudun a cikin waɗannan kewayon. Muhimmanci, dole ne su tabbatar da wasu mahimman kaddarorin. Ga masu bincike, mataki na gaba yana bayyananne: faɗaɗa DOE don haɗa da wasu mahimman martani (misali, ƙarfin juzu'i, karkace) da gina tsarin ingantaccen manufa da yawa. Haɗa sa ido kan tafkin narkakkar na ainihi, kamar yadda aka bincika a cikin aikin kwanan nan a cibiyoyi kamar Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, zai iya ba da damar daidaita sigogi mai ƙarfi don kai manufofin kaddarori na musamman ta hanyar matakai.

7. Tsarin Bincike & Misalin Lamari

Tsari: Wannan binciken yana misalta "Tsarin-Tsari-Kaddarori" (PSP) tsarin da ke tsakiyar kimiyyar kayan aiki da ci gaban masana'antu. Ana iya ganin tsarin a matsayin sarkar: Sigogi na Tsari (Shigarwa) → Tarihin Zafi → Tsarin Ƙananan Ƙwayoyin Cutar (Girman Hatsi, matakai) → Kaddarorin Kayan (Fitarwa, misali, Ƙarfi).

Misalin Lamari Ba tare da Lamba ba: Gyaran Filin Turbine Blade
Yanayi: Blade na turbine mai matsa lamba wanda aka yi da Ti6Al4V ya sami lalacewa a ƙarshensa.
Matsala: Yankin da aka gyara dole ne ya dace da ƙarfin ƙarfe na tushen don guje wa zama wurin rauni na gajiya ko lalacewa.
Aiwatar da Tsari:

1. Kaddarorin Manufa: Ayyana manufar ƙarfin ƙarfe (misali, 350 HV).
2. Tsarin PSP: Yi amfani da binciken wannan binciken (da bayanan ciki) a cikin tsarin PSP. Don cimma babban ƙarfi, tsarin yana ba da umarnin ƙananan tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke buƙatar manyan ƙimar sanyaya.
3. Zaɓin Sigogi na Tsari: Dangane da alamar koma baya na binciken, zaɓi saitin sigogi mai karkata zuwa ƙananan ƙarfi (misali, 2.0 kW) da babban gudun (misali, 0.09 m/s) don haɓaka babban sanyaya da ƙananan hatsi.
4. Tabbatarwa & Daidaitawa: Guda ɗaya gyaran wucewa akan takardar gwaji. Auna ƙarfin. Idan ba a kai hari ba, daidaita sigogi a jere (misali, ƙananan ƙarfi kaɗan) bin alamar da aka annabta ta DOE, yana aiki da kyau "tafiya" sarkar PSP baya daga kaddarori zuwa tsari.

Wannan tsarin tsari, wanda aka gina a kan bincike kamar wannan, yana maye gurbin zato tare da ingantaccen tsari mai inganci.

8. Ayyuka na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Ƙa'idodin da aka kafa a nan suna da fa'ida mai faɗi:

• Kayan Ayyuka da aka Ƙayyade (FGMs): Canza ƙarfin laser da gudun bincike a hankali tare da hanyar saka don ƙirƙira sassa tare da ƙarfin da aka keɓance ta sararin samaniya—taushi, ciki mai ƙarfi tare da ƙarfi, saman da ke da juriya ga lalacewa a cikin gini guda ɗaya.
• Sarrafa Kaddarori a cikin Wuri: Haɗawa tare da koyon injini da bayanan firikwensin na ainihi (hoton zafi, pyrometry) don ƙirƙira tsarin rufaffiyar madauki waɗanda ke daidaita sigogi mai ƙarfi don kiyaye ingantaccen tsarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kaddarori, kama da ingantaccen sarrafa tsari a wasu masana'antu.
• Ingantaccen Manufa da Yawa & Sigogi da Yawa: Faɗaɗa DOE don haɗa da wasu mahimman sigogi (misali, tazarar ƙyanƙyashe, tsayin Layer) da masu canjin martani (ƙarfin gajiya, ƙarfin karye, matsin lamba) don gina cikakkun taswirar tsari don Ti6Al4V da sauran gawar.
• Daidaita Gyaran: Haɓaka "girke-girken gyara" da aka ba da izini don takamaiman sassan jirgin sama dangane da wannan bayanan tushe, yana rage nauyin cancantar don gyaran LMD, aikace-aikacen mai daraja.

9. Nassoshi

1. Leyens, C., & Peters, M. (Eds.). (2003). Titanium da Gawar Titanium: Tushe da Aikace-aikace. Wiley-VCH.
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3. DebRoy, T., Wei, H. L., Zuback, J. S., Mukherjee, T., Elmer, J. W., Milewski, J. O., ... & Zhang, W. (2018). Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfe na Ƙarfe – Tsari, Tsari da Kaddarorin. Ci gaba a cikin Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki, 92, 112-224.
4. Frazier, W. E. (2014). Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfe na Ƙarfe: Bita. Jaridar Aikin Injiniya da Aiki, 23(6), 1917-1928.
5. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS). (2020). Ƙirƙirar Ƙari Cancanta da Takaddun shaida. An samo daga [NASA Public Access].
6. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. (2022). Ci gaban Masana'antu: Narkar da Laser Powder Bed. An samo daga [LLNL Manufacturing].
7. Mahamood, R. M., Akinlabi, E. T., & Akinlabi, S. (2015). Tasirin ƙarfin laser da gudun bincike akan kaddarorin injini na gawar titanium da aka saka ta laser. Laser a cikin Masana'antu da Kayan Aiki, 2(1), 43-55. (Tushen Farko da aka Bincika)