SurfCuit: Ƙirƙirar Da'irori akan Bugunan 3D

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Gabatarwa

SurfCuit yana gabatar da wata sabuwar hanyar ƙira da gina da'irorin lantarki kai tsaye akan saman abubuwan da aka buga na 3D. Wannan dabarar tana magance kalubalen haɗa na'urorin lantarki cikin bugunan 3D ba tare da buƙatar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirar akwati ko kayan aiki masu tsada ba. Hanyar tana amfani da kaddarorin haɗin narkakken filastik FDM tare da kayan ƙarfe, musamman tebur na jan ƙarfe, don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da'ira masu ƙarfi ta hanyar siyar da ƙarfe.

2. Hanyar Aiki

2.1 Kayan Aikin Ƙira Da'ira

Kayan aikin ƙira na SurfCuit yana bawa masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar shimfidar da'ira kai tsaye akan saman 3D. Fuskar tana la'akari da ƙuntatawa na geometric na aikace-aikacen tebur na jan ƙarfe, yana hana hanyoyi masu yawan murɗawa wanda zai iya haifar da kinks ko tsagewa. Kayan aikin yana samar da tashoshi marasa zurfi da ramukan hawa kai tsaye don jagorantar kera na zahiri.

2.2 Tsarin Kera

Tsarin kera ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda uku: (1) buga abu na 3D tare da tashoshi da ramuka da aka ƙera, (2) aikace-aikacen tebur na jan ƙarfe tare da tashoshi, da (3) siyar da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa. Babban ƙirƙira shine yin amfani da wurin narkewa na filastik PLA (kimanin 180-220°C) wanda ya zo daidai da yanayin zafi na siyar da ƙarfe, yana haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin filastik da jan ƙarfe.

3. Aiwar da Fasaha

3.1 Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya tsara tsarin shirya hanyar da'ira a matsayin matsala ingantawa mai ƙuntatawa. Idan aka ba da saman 3D $S$ tare da maki $p \in S$, muna nufin nemo mafi kyawun hanyoyi $P_i$ don kowane alamar da ke haɗa abubuwan $C_j$ yayin kiyaye mafi ƙarancin share $d_{min}$:

$$\min_{P_i} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \int_{P_i} \kappa(s)^2 ds + \lambda L(P_i)$$

mai ƙuntatawa: $\text{distance}(P_i, P_j) \geq d_{min} \quad \forall i \neq j$

inda $\kappa(s)$ yana wakiltar lankwasa tare da hanyar, $L(P_i)$ shine tsawon hanyar, kuma $\lambda$ shine ma'auni mai nauyi.

3.2 Aiwar da Lamba

Mai zuwa pseudocode yana nuna ainihin algorithm na tsara hanyar:

class SurfCuitDesigner:
    def plan_circuit_paths(self, surface, components):
        # Initialize graph from surface mesh
        graph = self.build_surface_graph(surface)
        
        # Find component positions on surface
        comp_positions = self.project_components(components, surface)
        
        # Plan paths using constrained A* algorithm
        paths = []
        for connection in circuit_connections:
            start = comp_positions[connection.start]
            end = comp_positions[connection.end]
            path = self.constrained_astar(graph, start, end, paths)
            paths.append(path)
        
        return paths
    
    def constrained_astar(self, graph, start, end, existing_paths):
        # A* search with curvature and clearance constraints
        open_set = PriorityQueue()
        open_set.put((0, start))
        
        while not open_set.empty():
            current = open_set.get()
            if current == end:
                return reconstruct_path(current)
            
            for neighbor in graph.neighbors(current):
                if self.check_clearance(neighbor, existing_paths):
                    cost = self.calculate_cost(current, neighbor, end)
                    open_set.put((cost, neighbor))
        
        return None

4. Sakamakon Gwaji

Masu bincike sun gwada SurfCuit akan abubuwa daban-daban da aka buga na 3D ciki har da bishiyar Kirsimeti tare da hasken LED (Hoto 1), mutum-mutumi tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka hawa a saman, da na'urori masu sarrafa wasan kwaikwayo. Nunin bishiyar Kirsimeti ya ƙunshi LED 15 da aka hawa a saman waɗanda aka haɗa ta hanyoyin tebur na jan ƙarfe, suna haskakawa cikin nasara ba tare da gazawar da'ira bayan ɗaukar hoto mai yawa ba.

Hoto 1: Bishiyar Kirsimeti tare da da'irar haske da aka hawa a saman yana nuna (sama) zanen da'ira da (ƙasa) aiwatarwa na zahiri tare da hanyoyin tebur na jan ƙarfe suna bayyane a fili tare da rassan.

Gwajin ƙarfi ya haɗa da zagayowar zafi tsakanin 0°C da 60°C, girgiza na'ura a 5-50Hz na mintuna 30, da gwajin ja akan abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. 92% na da'irorin da aka gwada sun ci gaba da ci gaba da lantarki ta duk gwaje-gwajen, suna nuna ƙarfin haɗin tebur na jan ƙarfe zuwa saman bugunan 3D.

5. Bincike da Tattaunawa

SurfCuit yana wakiltar ci gaba mai mahimmanci a haɗa na'urorin lantarki tare da abubuwan da aka buga na 3D, yana magance wata muhimmiyar kalubale a cikin al'ummar masu yin abubuwa da saurin ƙira. Idan aka kwatanta da da'irorin da aka haɗa na gargajiya waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirar ramuka da daidaitaccen sanya kayan aiki yayin bugu, hanyar da aka hawa a saman SurfCuit tana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin samun dama, gyara, da sauƙin ƙira.

Ƙirƙirar dabarar tana cikin amfani da kaddarorin kayan aiki a mahadar hanyoyin masana'antu. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi da ya zo daidai don laushin filastik PLA (180-220°C) da siyar da ƙarfe (183-250°C don gubar tushen gubar) suna haifar da dama na musamman don haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi. Wannan hanyar tana raba kamanceceniya ta ra'ayi tare da bincike a cikin bugun lantarki na 3D, kamar aikin Lopes et al. akan bugu na kayan aiki da yawa tare da haɗaɗɗun masu gudanarwa, amma SurfCuit ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar amfani da madaidaitan firintocin FDM na mabukaci da tebur na jan ƙarfe da ake samu.

Idan aka kwatanta da madadin hanyoyin kamar bugun tawada mai gudanarwa akan saman 3D, wanda sau da yawa yana fama da rashin mannewa da babban juriya na lantarki, tebur na jan ƙarfe na SurfCuit yana ba da mafi girman gudanarwa (kimanin 1.68×10⁻⁸ Ω·m daidai da 10⁻⁶-10⁻⁴ Ω·m don tawadun masu gudanarwa) da ƙarfin injina. Hanyar ta yi daidai da haɓakar yanayin dabarun kera gauraye da ake gani a cikin bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar MIT's Media Lab da Stanford's Shape Lab, inda haɗa hanyoyin masana'antu daban-daban ke haifar da iyawa fiye da kowace hanya guda.

Duk da haka, hanyar tana da iyakancewa a cikin sarkakiyar da'ira saboda kalubalen hanyar gudanarwa akan saman da suka rikitar. Yayin da yawan da'ira ke ƙaruwa, matsalar ta zama kamar haɗin kai mai girma-ɗimbin yawa (VLSI) amma an ƙuntata shi zuwa saman da ba na shiri ba. Aikin gaba zai iya jawo wahayi daga ƙirar PCB mai yawan Layer don haɓaka irin wannan dabarun layi don saman 3D, mai yuwuwa ta amfani da layukan keɓancewa tsakanin hanyoyin masu gudanarwa.

Samun damar SurfCuit ya sa ya fi daraja don aikace-aikacen ilimi da saurin ƙira, inda saurin maimaitawa da sauƙin gyara suke da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar kawar da buƙatar aikin CAD mai sarƙaƙiya don ƙira ramuka na ciki da tashoshi, an rage shingen ƙirƙirar abubuwan da aka buga na 3D masu ma'amala sosai, mai yuwuwa faɗaɗa shiga cikin ayyukan kwamfuta ta jiki.

6. Aikace-aikace na Gaba

Fasahar SurfCuit tana da aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa a fannoni da yawa:

• Na'urorin Lantarki na Sawa: Haɗa kai tsaye na da'irori akan na'urorin sawa da aka buga na 3D da kayan haɓaka jiki
• Kayan Aikin Ilimi: Saurin ƙira na kayan taimakon koyo masu ma'amala da kayan aikin ilimin STEM
• Na'urorin IoT na Al'ada: Kunshin firikwensin da aka keɓance akan abubuwan gini na 3D
• Robotics: Firikwensin da aka hawa a saman da da'irorin sarrafawa akan jikin mutum-mutumi
• Na'urorin Likita: Kayan aikin likita na musamman na majiyyaci tare da haɗaɗɗun na'urorin lantarki

Hanyoyin bincike na gaba sun haɗa da haɓaka da'irorin saman mai yawan Layer, haɗa da'irorin da aka buga masu sassauƙa tare da bugunan 3D, da ƙirƙirar kayan aikin ƙira masu sarrafa kai waɗanda ke canza zane-zanen da'ira na yau da kullun zuwa mafi kyawun shimfidar saman 3D.

7. Nassoshi

1. Umetani, N., & Schmidt, R. (2016). SurfCuit: Surface Mounted Circuits on 3D Prints. arXiv:1606.09540.
2. Lopes, A. J., MacDonald, E., & Wicker, R. B. (2012). Integrating stereolithography and direct print technologies for 3D structural electronics fabrication. Rapid Prototyping Journal.
3. Leigh, S. J., Bradley, R. J., Purssell, C. P., Billson, D. R., & Hutchins, D. A. (2012). A simple, low-cost conductive composite material for 3D printing of electronic sensors. PLoS ONE.
4. Willis, K. D., Brockmeyer, E., Hudson, S. E., & Poupyrev, I. (2012). Printed optics: 3D printing of embedded optical elements for interactive devices. UIST.
5. Mueller, S., Mohr, T., Guenther, K., Frohnhofen, J., & Baudisch, P. (2014). faBrickation: fast 3D printing of functional objects by integrating construction kit building blocks. CHI.